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[[Category:PySide]]

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This page describes the use of signals and slots in PySide. The emphasis is on illustrating the use of so-called new-style signals and slots, although the traditional syntax is also given as a reference.

PyQt's new-style signals and slots were introduced in PyQt v4.5. The main goal of this new-style is to provide a more Pythonic syntax to Python programmers. PySide uses [http://www.pyside.org/docs/pseps/psep-0100.html PSEP 100][pyside.org] as its implementation guideline.

== Traditional syntax: SIGNAL () and SLOT() ==

''QtCore.SIGNAL (...)'' and ''QtCore.SLOT (...)'' macros allow Python to interface with Qt signal and slot delivery mechanisms. This is the old way of using signals and slots.

The example below uses the well known clicked signal from a ''QPushButton''. The connect method has a non python-friendly syntax. It is necessary to inform the object, its signal (via macro) and a slot to be connected to.

<code>
…

def someFunc():
 print "someFunc has been called!"

…

button = QtGui.QPushButton("Call someFunc")
QtCore.QObject.connect(button, QtCore.SIGNAL ('clicked()'), someFunc)

…
</code>

== New syntax: Signal() and Slot() ==

The new-style uses a different syntax to create and to connect signals and slots. The previous example could be rewritten as:

<code>
…

def someFunc():
 print "someFunc has been called!"

button = QtGui.QPushButton("Call someFunc")
button.clicked.connect(someFunc)

…
</code>

=== Using QtCore.Signal() ===

Signals can be defined using the ''QtCore.Signal()'' class. Python types and C types can be passed as parameters to it. If you need to overload it just pass the types as tuples or lists.

In addition to that, it can receive also a named argument ''name'' that defines the signal name. If nothing is passed as name then the new signal will have the same name as the variable that it is being assigned to.

The Examples section below has a collection of examples on the use of ''QtCore.Signal()''.

Note: Signals should be defined only within classes inheriting from ''QObject''. This way the signal information is added to the class ''QMetaObject'' structure.

=== Using QtCore.Slot() ===

Slots are assigned and overloaded using the decorator ''QtCore.Slot()''. Again, to define a signature just pass the types like the ''QtCore.Signal()'' class. Unlike the ''Signal()'' class, to overload a function, you don't pass every variation as tuple or list. Instead, you have to define a new decorator for every different signature. The examples section below will make it clearer.

Another difference is about its keywords. ''Slot()'' accepts a name and a result. The result keyword defines the type that will be returned and can be a C or Python type. ''name'' behaves the same way as in ''Signal()''. If nothing is passed as ''name'' then the new slot will have the same name as the function that is being decorated.

=== Examples ===

The examples below illustrate how to define and connect signals and slots in PySide. Both basic connections and more complex examples are given.

* Hello World example: the basic example, showing how to connect a signal to a slot without any parameters.

<code>
#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PySide import QtCore, QtGui

# define a function that will be used as a slot
def sayHello():
 print 'Hello world!'

app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)

button = QtGui.QPushButton('Say hello!')

# connect the clicked signal to the sayHello slot
button.clicked.connect(sayHello)
button.show()

sys.exit(app.exec_())
</code>

* Next, some arguments are added. This is a modified ''Hello World'' version. Some arguments are added to the slot and a new signal is created.

<code>
#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PySide import QtCore

# define a new slot that receives a string and has
# 'saySomeWords' as its name
@QtCore.Slot(str)
def saySomeWords(words):
 print words

class Communicate(QtCore.QObject):
 # create a new signal on the fly and name it 'speak'
 speak = QtCore.Signal(str)

someone = Communicate()
# connect signal and slot
someone.speak.connect(saySomeWords)
# emit 'speak' signal
someone.speak.emit("Hello everybody!")
</code>

* Add some overloads. A small modification of the previous example, now with overloaded decorators.

<code>
#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PySide import QtCore

# define a new slot that receives a C 'int' or a 'str'
# and has 'saySomething' as its name
@QtCore.Slot(int)
@QtCore.Slot(str)
def saySomething(stuff):
 print stuff

class Communicate(QtCore.QObject):
 # create two new signals on the fly: one will handle
 # int type, the other will handle strings
 speakNumber = QtCore.Signal(int)
 speakWord = QtCore.Signal(str)

someone = Communicate()
# connect signal and slot properly
someone.speakNumber.connect(saySomething)
someone.speakWord.connect(saySomething)
# emit each 'speak' signal
someone.speakNumber.emit(10)
someone.speakWord.emit("Hello everybody!")
</code>

* An example with slot overloads and more complicated signal connections and emissions:

<code>
#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PySide import QtCore

# define a new slot that receives an C 'int' or a 'str'
# and has 'saySomething' as its name
@QtCore.Slot(int)
@QtCore.Slot(str)
def saySomething(stuff):
 print stuff

class Communicate(QtCore.QObject):
 # create two new signals on the fly: one will handle
 # int type, the other will handle strings
 speak = QtCore.Signal((int,), (str,))

someone = Communicate()
# connect signal and slot. As 'int' is the default
# we have to specify the str when connecting the
# second signal
someone.speak.connect(saySomething)
someone.speak[str].connect(saySomething)

# emit 'speak' signal with different arguments.
# we have to specify the str as int is the default
someone.speak.emit(10)
someone.speak[str].emit("Hello everybody!")
</code>

* An example of an object method emitting a signal:

<code>
#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
from PySide import QtCore

class Communicate(QtCore.QObject): # Must inherit QObject for signals
    speak = QtCore.Signal()

    def __init__(self): # Must init QObject else runtime error: PySide.QtCore.Signal object has no attribute ‘emit’
        super(Communicate, self).__init__()

    def speakingMethod(self):
        self.speak.emit()

someone = Communicate()
someone.speakingMethod()
</code>

* Signals are runtime objects owned by instances, they are not class attributes:

<code>
Communicate.speak.connect(saySomething) # Erroneous: refers to class Communicate, not an instance of the class

# raises exception: AttributeError: 'PySide.QtCore.Signal' object has no attribute 'connect'
</code>

== PyQt Compatibility ==

PyQt uses a different naming convention to its new signal/slot functions. In order to convert any PyQt script that uses this new-style to run with PySide, just use either of the proposed modifications below:

<code>
from PySide.QtCore import Signal as pyqtSignal
from PySide.QtCore import Slot as pyqtSlot
</code>

or

<code>
QtCore.pyqtSignal = QtCore.Signal
QtCore.pyqtSlot = QtCore.Slot
</code>

This way any call to ''pyqtSignal'' or ''pyqtSlot'' will be translated to a ''Signal'' or ''Slot'' call.

== Other Notes ==

PyQt5 connect() always returns None, and raises an exception on failure to connect. The documents suggest that it returns a bool, but it always returns None. Instead of returning False, it raises an exception.